CE2204 - Surveying– I Two Mark with Answers

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CE 2204 – SURVEYING-I

Question Bank with answers

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UNIT I

INDRODUCTION AND CHAIN SURVEYING

1. Define Surveying. What are the fundamental principles of surveying?

Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation.

The principles of surveying are:

(i). Working from whole to part.

(ii). To locate a new station by at least two measurements (angular, linear) from fixed reference points.

2. What is the object or purpose of surveying?

The primary object of surveying is to prepare a plan or map to show the relative position of the objects on the surface of the earth. It is also used to determine the areas, volumes and other related quantities.

3. Name the different ways of classification of surveys.

a. Primary classification

	(i). Plane surveying
	(ii). Geodetic surveying.
	b. Secondary classification
	(i). Based on instruments used
	(ii). Based on methods.
	(iii). Based on object
	(iv). Based on nature of the field
		4. Differentiate between plane and geodetic surveying.
	Sl.No.	Plane surveying	Geodetic surveying.
	1.	The curvature of the earth is	The curvature of the earth is taken.
.
	2.	A line joining any two points is	A line joining any two points is
		considered straight.	considered as curved line.
	3.	The triangle formed by any three	The triangle formed by any three
		points is considered as plane	points is considered as spherical
		triangle.	triangle.
	4.	It is done on a area less than 250	It is done on a area greater than 250
		Km 2	Km 2

5. Classify surveying based on the equipments.

1. Chain surveying

2. Compass surveying

3. Plane table surveying

4. Theodolite surveying

5. Tacheometric surveying

6. Photogram metric surveying

7. Aerial surveying

6. Explain the constructions of a diagonal scale.

For a given short length ( PQ=PR), draw a right angle triangle. Its base( PR) and height (PQ) are equal. A short length is divided into a number of parts by using the principle of similar triangles in which like sides are proportional.

Thus,

1-1 represents 1/ 10 PQ

9-9 represents 9/ 10 PQ

7. Define chain surveying. What is the fundamental principle of chain surveying?

Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field.

8.What is a well-conditioned triangle? What is its specific advantage? .

A said to be well- conditioned or well proportioned when it

9. What are the operations involved in chain survey?

(i). Ranging: The process of locating intermediate points on a straight line between two end points in a straight line.

(ii). Chaining: The process of measuring the distance with a chain or tape.

(iii). Offsetting: The process of measuring the lateral distance of the object from the survey line to the left or right according to their positions.

10. What are the instruments required for a chain survey?

Chain or tape, Arrows, Pegs, Ranging rods, Offset rods, Laths or whites, Plumb bob, Cross staff and Mallet.

11. Write the different types of Chain.

(i). Metric chain

(ii). Non-Metric chain

(a).Gunter’s chain or Surveyor’s chain

(b). Engineer’s chain

(c). Revenue chain

(d). Steel band.

12. Differentiate between Gunter’s chain and Engineer’s Chain

Sl.No.	Gunter’s chain or Surveyor’s chain	Engineer’s chain
1.	It is 66 feet long and divided in to 100	It is 100 feet long and divided in
	links. 1link = 0.66 feet	to 100 links. 1link = 1 feet
2.	Measurements are in miles and furlongs.	Measurements are in feet and
		decimals

13. Define: (a).Main stations.
		Main station is a prominent point on the chain line and can be either at
the beginning of the chain line or at the end or along the boundary.
		(b). Subsidiary stations:
		The stations located on the main survey lines are known as Subsidiary
stations.
		(c). Tie stations:
		These are also subsidiary stations taken on the main survey lines to locate
the details of the object.
14. Distinguish between a check line and a tie line.
	Sl.No	Check line	Tie line
	1.	Check lines or Proof lines are the	The main object of running a tie line
		lines which are run in the field to	is to take the details of the objects.
		check the accuracy of the work
	2.	The length of the check line	Tie line is a line which joints
		measured in the field must agree	subsidiary stations or tie stations on
	with its length of the plan.	the main line.

15. What are the instruments used for setting out right angles to a chain line?

(i). Cross staff.

a. Open cross staff

b. French cross staff

c. Adjustable cross staff (ii). Optical square.

(iii). Prism square (iv). Site square.

16. What are offsets? Classify them.

An offset is the lateral distance of an object or ground feature measured from a survey line. The two types of offsets are,

(i). Perpendicular offset: The angle of offset from a point on a chain line is 90^0.

(ii). Oblique offset: When the angle of offset is other than 90⁰ .

Perpendicular offset Oblique offset

17. What is the use of a line Ranger?

The line Ranger is a small reflecting instrument used for fixing com intermediate points on the chain lines. Without going to either end, we can fix the intermediate . points.

18. What are the stages of fieldwork in chain surveying? Or What are the steps involved in chain survey?

1.	Reconnaissance: It is the preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed.
2.	Marking and fixing Survey lines.
3.	Running survey lines.
4.	Taking Offsets.
19. What are the different ape corrections?
1.	Correction for absolute length or standardisation.
2.	Correction for temperature.
3.	Correction for pull or tension.
4. Correction for sag. (- ve)
5.	Correction for slope. (- ve)

20. What are the errors in chaining?

(i). Compensating Errors: Which are liable to occur in either direction and tend to compensate.

(ii). Cumulative Errors: Which occur in the same direction and tend to add or subtract. It may be positive (measured lengths more than the actual length) or negative (measured lengths less than the actual length).

21. What are the different sources of errors in chain surveying?

(i). Instrumental errors: incorrect length of the chain (Cumulative Errors).

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(ii). Personal error: Bad ranging (Cumulative Errors). Careless holding (Compensating Errors). Bad straightening (Cumulative Errors). Non- horizontality (Cumulative Errors). Sag in chain (Cumulative Errors). Miscounting and misreading and booking.

(ii). Natural Errors: Variation in temperature. (Cumulative Errors).

22. Enumerate the instruments used for measurement of lengths of survey lines.

(i). Chain or tape. (ii). Passometer. (iii). Pedometer (iv). Odometer

(v). Speedometer.

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UNIT II

COMPASS SURVEYING AND PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

1. Define: Compass surveying. What are the objects of compass surveying?

Compass surveying is the type of surveying in which the direction of the survey lines are measured with a compass and the length of the survey lines are measured with a tape or chain in the field.

2. Write the names of the instruments used in chain surveying.

(i). Instruments for the direct measurement of directions: 1. Surveyor’s compass.

2. Prismatic compass.

(ii).Instruments for the measurement of angles: 1. Sextant.

2. Theodolite.

3. Define: (a). True meridian and bearing. True meridian:

The line or plane passing through the geographical North Pole, South Pole and any point on the surface of the earth, is known as true meridian or geographical meridian. True meridian at a point is constant.

True bearing:

The angle between the true meridian and a survey line is known as true bearing or Azimuth of the line.

(b). Magnetic meridian . and Bearing.

Magnetic meridian :

Magnetic meridian at a point is the direction indicated by freely suspended, properly balanced and unaffected magnetic needle at that point.

Magnetic Bearing:

The angle between the magnetic meridian and a survey line is known as magnetic bearing or bearing .of the line. It changes with time.

4. What do you understand by Whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing of a line? Magnetic Bearings are designated by Whole circle bearing system and

quadrantal bearing system.

In Whole circle bearing system (WCB), the bearing of the line is measured with magnetic north in clockwise direction. It varies from 0⁰ to 360⁰.

In quadrantal bearing system (Q.B or R.B) the bearing of the line is measured eastward or westward from north or south, whichever is nearer. The directions can be either clockwise or anticlockwise. It varies from 0⁰ to 90⁰.

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5. Convert the whole circle bearing into reduced bearing: 500, 1760, 2100, 2320, 1500, 760,

3100 ,2420.

Whole circle bearing

Reduced bearing

WCB

RB

500

N 500 E.

1760

S (1800 –

1760)E = S 40 E

2100

S (2100 –

1800)W = S 300 W

2320

S (2320

–

1800)W = S 520 W

1500

S (1800

–

1500) E = S 300 E

760

N 760 E

3100

N (3600 – 3100) W = N 50 0 W

2420

S (2420

–

1800)W = S 620 W

reading and tripod.

SI.No.

Item

Prismatic compass

Surveyor’s compass

1.

Reading

(i). The reading is taken with a

(i). The reading is taken by

help of prism provided at the eye

directly seeing through the top of

slit.

the glass.

(ii). Sighting and reading taking

(ii). Sighting and reading taking

rejinpaul

can be done simultaneously from

cannot be done simultaneously

one position of the observer.

from one position of the

observer.

2.

Tripod

Tripod may or may not be

The instrument cannot be used

provided.

without a tripod.

6. Differentiate between Prismatic compass and Surveyor’s compass with reference to

7. The fore bearing of a line PQ is N 28⁰ W. What is its back bearing?

In quadrantal bearing (RB) system, the FB and BB are numerically equal but the quadrants are just opposite.

The FB of a line PQ is N 28⁰ W, Then its BB is S 28⁰ E .

8. Define: Fore and Back bearing.

The bearing of a line is measured in the direction of the progress of the survey is called the fore bearing of the (FB) line.

The bearing of a line is measured in the direction opposite to the survey is called the back bearing of the (BB) line.

BB = FB + 180 ⁰ . (FB greater than 180 ⁰, use - sign) (FB smaller than 180 ⁰, use + sign)

9. The fore bearing of line AB is 155⁰25’20”. Identify the back bearing of the line AB in

quadrantal system.

The fore bearing of line AB = 155⁰25’20”. The back bearing of line AB , BB = FB + 180 ⁰

= 155⁰25’20” + 180 ⁰

= 335⁰25’20” (WCB)

= N (360⁰ – 335⁰25’20”) W

= N 24⁰34’ 40’’ W

10. Define and distinguish between magnetic dip and magnetic declination.

Magnetic dip:

Due to the magnetic influence of the earth, the needle does not remain in the balanced position. This inclination of the needle with the horizontal is known as the dip of the magnetic needle. To balance the dip of the needle, a rider (brass or silver coil) is provided along with it. .

Magnetic declination:

The magnetic meridian of a place is variable one due to some local attractive forces. Therefore, the true meridian and the magnetic meridian at a place do not coincide.

The horizontal angle between the magnetic meridian and the true meridian is known as magnetic declination.

11. The magnetic bearing . of a line is 48024’. Calculate the true bearing if the magnetic declinations are 5⁰38’ East and 5⁰ 38’ West.

True bearing = Magnetic bearing + Eastern magnetic declination

= 48⁰24’ + 5⁰38’ = 54⁰02’.

True bearing = Magnetic bearing - Western magnetic declination

= 48⁰24’ - 5⁰38’

= 42⁰46’.

13. The magnetic bearing of a line is S 28⁰30’ E. Calculate the true bearing if the magnetic declinations are 5⁰38’ East and 5⁰ 38’ West.

Convert the reduced bearing into Whole circle bearing. Magnetic bearing = S 28⁰30’ E. (RB)

= 180⁰ - 28⁰30’ = 151⁰ 30⁰ .

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True bearing = Magnetic bearing + Eastern magnetic declination = 151⁰30’ + 7⁰30’

= 159⁰00’. (WCB)

= S(180⁰-159⁰00’)E (RB)

= S 21 ⁰ E .

True bearing = Magnetic bearing - Western magnetic declination

= 151⁰30’ - 7⁰30’

= 144⁰00’. (WCB)

= S(180⁰-144⁰00’)E (RB)

= S 36 ⁰ E.

14. What is local attraction? What are the sources of local attractions?

Local attraction is a term used to denote any influence, such as magnetic substances, which prevents the needle from pointing to the magnetic north in a given locality.

The sources of local attractions are : magnetite in the ground, wire carrying electric current, steel structures, rails, underground iron pipes, chain etc.,

14. Distinguish between closed traverse and open traverse.

	SI.No.		Closed traverse	Open traverse
	1.	When the lines form a circuit, which	If the circuit ends elsewhere,.it is
		ends at the starting point, it is known	known as open traverse.
		as closed traverse.
	2.	It is suitable for locating the	It is suitable for surveying a long
		boundaries of lakes, woods etc,.	narrow strip of land required for
				road canal etc,.
	3.	Check:		No direct check on angular
		Sum of interior angles = (2n – 4) 90	measurements.
		Sum of exterior angles = (2n +4) 90
		Where, n= number of sides of the
		traverse.
	15. What is plane table surveying? When is it preferred? Write its principle.
		Plane tabling is the graphical method of surveying in which the field
	observations and plotting proceed simultaneously.
		It is mainly suitable for filling the interior details between the control stations
	and also in magnetic areas.
		The	main principle of plane table	surveying is that the lines joining	the

points on the plane table are made to lie parallel to the corresponding lines joining the points on the ground while working at each station.

16. Name four methods of plane surveying.

1. Radiation

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2. Intersection.

3. Traversing

4. Resection.

(i). Resection after orientation by compass.

(ii). Resection after orientation by back sighting.

(iii). Resection after orientation by three point problem.

a. Mechanical method.(Tracing paper method)

b. Graphical method. ( Bessel’s method)

c. Lehman’s method. (Trial and error method) (iv). Resection after orientation by two point problem

17. When a three- point problem resorted to in plane table surveying?

It is the method of orientation when the table occupies a position not yet located on the drawing sheet.

This method is employed when during surveying the surveyor feels that some important details can be plotted easily by choosing any stations.

18. State the First and second Lehman’s rule.

First rule: The distance of the point “p” (position of plane table on the

drawing sheet) to be fixed from each rays Aa (paper a, to ground A),	Bb (paper ,b to
ground B) and Cc (paper c, to ground C) is proportional to the respective.distancescomof the
stations A, B and C from the ground station P.
Second rule: While looking towards the stations the point “p” to be fixed, will
be either to the left or to the right of each of the rays.
19. What are the Advantages of plane table surveying?
1.	It is useful in magnetic areas.
2.	It is cheaper than the theodolite surveying.
3.	It is most suitable for small-scale maps.
4.	The surveyor can compare plotted work with the actual features.
20. Name some of the errors in plane tabling.
1.	Instrumental error.
2.	Errors of plotting
3.	Errors due to manipulation and sighting.
	1.	Non horizontality of the board.
	2.	Defective sighting.
	3.	Defective orientation.
	4.	Movement of board between sights.

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UNIT III

LEVELLING AND APPLICATIONS

1. Define Levelling. What are the uses of leveling?

Levelling is a branch of surveying, the object of which is; (i). To find the elevations of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum, and (ii). To establish points at a given elevation or at different elevations with respect to a given or assumed datum.

2. Define benchmark and reduced level. Benchmark:

Benchmark is a relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation with respect to some assumed datum is known.

Reduced level or Elevation:

The vertical distance of a point above or below the datum is known as the elevation or R.L of that point. R.L of a point may be positive or negative according as the point is above or below the datum.

3. What are the different kinds of bench marks?

A BM is the reference point of known elevation. It may be classified into

(i).G.T.S Bench Mark: The great trigonometrical survey (G.T.S) bench marks are established by the survey of India throughout the country. The levels of this

bench marks are established very accurately at a large interval with respect to the mean sea level at Bombay port.

(ii). Permanent . Bench Mark: These are established by different Government departments like PWD, Railways, Irrigation etc,. The RL of these points are determined

with reference to the G.T.S Bench Marks. Points on rocks, culvert, gate pillars, etc,.

(iii).Temporary Bench Mark: These are established temporarily whenever required. These are generally chosen to close the day’s work and to start the next days. Points on roofs, walls, basements, etc,.

(iv). Arbitrary Bench Mark: When the RL of some fixed points are assumed, they are termed arbitrary benchmark.

4. What do you mean by datum surface?

It is any surface, to which elevations are taken as a reference for the determination of elevations of various points. In India the datum adopted for the great trigonometrical survey (G.T.S) is the mean sea level at Bombay port.

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5. What is mean by line of collimation and height of collimation?

Line of collimation (Line of sight): It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of the cross hairs at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass and its continuation.

Height of collimation(HOC): The elevation of the Line of collimation (Line of sight) is known as Height of collimation. HOC = RL of BM + BS.

6. Write the different types of levels.

1. Dumpy level

2. Tilting level

3. Quick setting level.

4. Y-level.

5. Reversible level.

6. Automatic level

7. Lazer level.

7. List the essential parts of a Level.

Telescope, Eyepiece, Objective

Focusing screws. Longitudinal bubble

Foot screws, Upper parallel plate ( Tribrach), Foot plate( Trivet). Diaphragm adjusting screws, Bubble adjusting screws, Tripod.

8. What are the different type’s leveling staffs?

	1. Target Staff
	2. Self reading Staff.
	a. Solid Staff
	b. Folding Staff
	c. TelescopicStaff.
9. Define and distinguish between ‘Back sights’ and ‘Fore sight’ in the process of fly
Levelling.
	SI.No	Back sights (BS)	Fore sight	(FS)
	1.	This is the first staff reading taken	This is the last staff reading
		in any setup of the instrument. It is	taken in any setup of the
		always taken on a point of known	instrument	and,	after	that
		elevation( BM).	instrument is shifted.
	2.	It is used to determine the height	It is used to determine the
		of the instrument.	elevation (RL) of the staff
		HI = known RL + BS	station.
			RL = HI – FS.

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