Measurements and Instrumentation
Two mark question Answer
Unit I Measurement of voltage and Current
1. What is meant by measurement?
Measurement is an act or the result of comparison between the quantity and a
predefined standard.
2. Mention the basic requirements of measurement.
· The standard used for comparison purpose must be accurately defined and should be commonly accepted.
· The apparatus used and the method adopted must be provable.
3. What are the 2 methods for measurement?
· Direct method and
· Indirect method.
4. Explain the function of measurement system.
The measurement system consists of a transducing element which converts the
quantity to be measured in an analogous form. the analogous signal is then processed by some intermediate means and is then fed to the end device which presents the results of the measurement.
5. Define Instrument.
Instrument is defined as a device for determining the value or magnitude of a
6. List the types of instruments.
· The 3 types of instruments are
· Mechanical Instruments
· Electrical Instruments and
· Electronic Instruments.
7. Classify instruments based on their functions.
Indicating instruments
Integrating instruments
Recording instruments
8. Give the applications of measurement systems.
· The instruments and measurement systems are sued for
· Monitoring of processes and operations.
· Control of processes and operations.
· Experimental engineering analysis.
9. Why calibration of instrument is important?
The calibration of all instruments is important since it affords the opportunity to
check the instrument against a known standard and subsequently to errors in accuracy.
10. Explain the calibration procedure.
Calibration procedure involves a comparison of the particular instrument with
either.
· A primary standard
· A secondary standard with a higher accuracy than the instrument to be calibrated or An instrument of known accuracy.
11. Define Calibration.
It is the process by which comparing the instrument with a standard to correct
the accuracy.
12. Name the different essential torques in indicating instruments.
Deflecting torque
Controlling torque
Damping torque
13. Name the types of instruments used for making voltmeter and ammeter.
PMMC type
Moving iron type
Dynamometer type
Hot wire type
Electrostatic type
Induction type.
14. State the advantages of PMMC instruments
Uniform scale.
No hysterisis loss
Very accurate
High effuiciency.
15. State the disadvantages of PMMC instruments
Cannot be used for ac m/s
Some errors are caused by temperature variations.
16. State the applications of PMMC instruments
m/s of dc voltage and current
used in dc galvanometer.
17. How the range of instrument can be extended in PMMC instruments.
In ammeter by connecting a shunt resister
In voltmeter by connecting a series resister.
18. State the advantages of Dynamometer type instruments
Can be used for both dc and ac m/s.
Free from hysterisis and eddy current errors.
19. State the advantages of Moving iron type instruments
Less expensive
Can be used for both dc and ac
Reasonably accurate.
20. State the advantages of Hot wire type instruments
Can be used for both dc and ac
Unaffected by stray magnetic fields
Readings are independent of frequency and waveform.
Unit II Measurement of Power and Energy
1. What are the constructional parts of dynamometer type wattmeter?
Fixed coil
Moving Coil
Current limiting resister
Helical spring
Spindle attached with pointer
Graduated scale
2. Write down the deflecting torque equation in dynamometer type wattmeter.
Td á VI CosÖ
3. State the disadvantages of Dynamometer type wattmeter.
Readings may be affected by stray magnetic fields.
At low power factor it causes error.
4. Name the errors caused in Dynamometer type wattmeter.
Error due to pressure coil inductance
Error due to pressure coil capacitance
Error due to methods of connection
Error due to stray magnetic fields
Error due to eddy current.
5. How the errors caused by pc inductance is compensated.
By connecting a capacitor in parallel to the resister.
6. How the errors caused by methods of connection is compensated
By using compensating coil.
7. Name the methods used for power measurement in three phase circuits.
(i)Single wattmeter method
(ii) Two wattmeter method
(iii) Three wattmeter method.
8. What are the special features to be incorporated for LPF wattmeter?
Pressure coil circuit
Compensation for Pressure coil current
Compensation for Pressure coil inductance.
9. Define Phantom loading.
Method by which energizing the pressure coil circuit and current coil circuits
separately is called phantom loading.
10. State the use of phantom loading.
Power loss is minimized.
11. Name the methods used in Wattmeter calibration.
By comparing with std wattmeter.
By using voltmeter ammeter method.
By using Potentiometer.
12. What are the types of energy meters?
Electrolytic meters
Motor meters.
Clock meters
13. Name the constructional parts of induction type energy meter.
Current coil with series magnet
Voltage coil with shunt magnet
Al disc
Braking magnet
Registering mechanism.
14. How voltage coil is connected in induction type energy meter.
It is connected in parallel to supply and load.
15. How current coil is connected in induction type energy meter.
It is connected in series to the load.
16. Why Al disc is used in induction type energy meter.
Aluminum is a nonmagnetic metal.
17. What is the purpose of registering mechanism.
It gives a valuable number proportional to the rotations.
18. What is the purpose of braking mechanism.
It provides necessary braking torque.
19. Define creeping.
Slow but continuous rotation of disc when pc is energized and cc is not energized.
20. State the reason why holes are provided in Al disc.
To avoid creeping holes are provided on both sides of Al disc.
Unit III Potentiometer and Instrument Transformers
1. What is the basic principle used in potentiometer.
In potentiometer the unknown emf is measured by comparing it with a std known emf.
2. Name the potentiometer material used.
German silver
Manganin wire
3. Define standardization.
It is the process by which adjusting the current flows through the potentiometer coil to make the voltage across the std cell is equal.
4. State the applications of potentiometer.
Used for m/s of unknown emf
Used for ammeter calibration
Used for Voltmeter calibration
Used for wattmeter calibration
5. State the advantages of crompton potentiometer.
More accurate
Easy to adjust
6. What are the practical difficulties in ac potentiometers.
More complicated
Accuracy is seriously affected
Difficulty is experienced in standardization.
7. Classify ac potentiometers.
Polar potentiometer
Coordinate potentiometer.
8. How the phase angle is measured in polar type potentiometers.
It is measured from the position of phase shifter.
9. Name some ac potentiometers.
Drysdale Tinsley potentiometer
Gall Tinsley potentiometer
10. State the advantages of ac potentiometers.
Can be used for m/s of both magnitude and phase angle
Can be used for m/s of inductance of the coil.
It is used in m/s of errors in CTS
11. State the applications of ac potentiometers.
M/s of self inductance.
Ammeter calibration
Voltmeter calibration
Wattmeter calibration.
12. State the advantages of instrument transformers.
Used for extension of range
Power loss is minimum
High voltage and currents can be measured.
13. State the disadvantage of instrument transformers.
Cannot be used for dc measurements.
14. What are the constructional parts of current transformer?
Primary winding
Secondary winding
Magnetic core.
15. Name the errors caused in current transformer.
Ratio error
Phase angle error
16. Define ratio error.
The ratio of energy component current and secondary current is known as the ratio error.
17. How the phase angle error is created.
It is mainly due to magnetizing component of excitation current.
18. State the use of potential transformer.
Used for m/s of high voltage
Used for energizing relays and protective circuits.
19. Name the errors caused in potential transformer.
Ratio error
Phase angle error.
20. How the CT and PT are connected in the circuits.
CT is connected in series and PT is connected in parallel.
Unit IV Resistance Measurement
1. Classify resistance.
Low resistance
Medium resistance
High resistance
2. What is the range of medium resistance?
Resistance of about 1 ohm to 100 kilo ohms are called medium resistance.
3. Name the methods used for low resistance measurement.
Ammeter – voltmeter method
Potentiometer method
Kelvin double bridge method
Ohm meter method.
4. Name the methods used for medium resistance measurement
Ammeter – voltmeter method
Substitution method
Wheatstone bridge method
Carey foster bridge method.
5. Where high resistance m/s is required?
Insulation resistance of cables
High resistance circuit elements
Volume resistivity of a material
Surface resistivity.
6. State the advantages of Wheatstone bridge method.
Free from errors
The balance is quit independent of source emf
7. State the advantages of Kelvin double bridge method.
Errors owing to contact resistance, resistance of leads can be eliminated by using
this Kelvin double bridge.
8. What are the constructional features of doctor ohmmeter?
Permanent magnet
Current coil
Pressure coil
Battery
Pointer with graduated scale.
9. Define megger.
The megger is an instrument used for the measurement of high resistance and
insulation resistance.
10. Name the parts of megger.
It consists of a hand driven dc generator and a direct reading true ohm meter.
11. What is the range of low resistance?
Resistance of about 1 ohm and under are included in this class.
12. What is the range of medium resistance?
Resistance of 100 kilo ohms and above are usually termed as high resistance.
13. What ranges of resistance can be measured by using doctor ohmmeter.
0 to 500 micro ohms
0 to 5 milli ohms
0 to 50 milli ohms
0 to 500 milli ohms
0 to 5 ohms.
14. How resistance is measured in direct deflection method.
The deflection of galvanometer connected in series with the resistance to be
measured gives a measure of the insulation resistance.
15. Classify the cables according to their sheathing.
Armoured cables
Unarmoured cables.
16. Name the leads present in megger.
Earth lead
Line lead
Guard lead.
17. How resistance is measured by using ohm meter method.
Series ohm meter method
Shunt ohm meter method.
18. How resistance is measured in loss of charge method.
In this method a capacitor is charged and discharged for a specific time period and from this resistance is measured.
19. State the balance equation used in bridge methods.
The product of opposite branch resistances are equal.
20. State the advantages of price’s guard wire method.
In this method leakage current does not flows through the meter and therefore it gives accurate reading.
21. How the earth resistance is measured.
By using earth megger the value of surface earth resistance can be measured.
Unit V Impedance Measurement
1. State the use of ac bridges.
AC bridges are used for the m/s of self and mutual inductance and capacitance.
2. State the balance equation used in ac bridges.
The product of opposite branch impedances are equal.
3. Name the bridge circuits used for the m/s of self inductance.
Maxwell’s bridge
Maxwell-Wein Bridge
Anderson bridge
Hay’s bridge.
4. Name the bridge circuits used for the m/s of capacitance.
De Sauty’s bridge
Schering Bridge
Wein bridge
5. Name the bridge circuits used for the m/s of mutual inductance.
The Heaviside Campbell bridge
The Campbell bridge.
6. Which type of detector is used in ac bridges?
Vibration galvanometers are used.
7. Name the ac sources used in ac bridges.
AC supply with step-down transformer
Motor driven alternator
Audio frequency and radio frequency oscillator.
8. In which cases audio frequency oscillators are used as ac source.
For high frequency ac requirement audio frequency oscillators are used.
9. Name the sources of errors in ac bridge m/s.
Errors due to stray magnetic fields
Leakage errors
Eddy current errors
Residual errors
Frequency and waveform errors.
10. State the advantages of Maxwell-wein bridge.
The balance equation is independent of frequency and therefore more accurate.
11. State the disadvantage of Maxwell-wein bridge.
This method needs a std variable capacitor. Variable Capacitor is costliest.
12. State the disadvantages of Hay’s bridge.
The balance equation is dependent of frequency and therefore any changes in
frequency will affect the m/s.
13. State the use of Wein bridge.
It is used for the m/s of unknown capacitance and frequency.
14. What is the use of Campbell bridge?
This is used for the m/s of mutual inductance.
15. What is meant by inductometer?
The std variable mutual inductance meter is called as inductometer.
16. Define Q-factor of the coil.
It is the ratio between power stored in the coil to the power dissipated in the coil.
17. Name the components of iron loss.
Eddy current loss
Hysterisis loss.
18. Name the faults that occurs in cables.
Break down of cable insulation
Short circuit fault
Open conductor fault.
19. Name the loop test methods used in location of fault.
Murray loop test
Varley loop test.
20. How leakage errors are minimized in ac bridge circuits.
By using high grade insulation.
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