Measurements and Instrumentation
Measurements and instrumentation Question Bank
Question Bank
2 Marks and 16 Marks
UNIT-1
1. List out the dynamic characteristics of any measurement system.
2. What are the types of error measurement system?
3. What are the static characteristics important?
4. What is standard? What are the different types of standard?
5. What is the function of manipulation element in a measurement system?
6. What are the primary standards? Where are they used?
7. What is primary sensing element?
8. What is calibration?
9. Define the terms precision and sensitivity?
10. Define static error.
11. Distinguish re-productibility and repeatability.
12. Show the block diagram indicating functional elements of measurement system.
13. Distinguish between zero drift and span drift.
14. Define a dynamic response of an instrument.
15. What are the different calibration methodologies?
16. Define limiting errors and instrumental errors.
17. Mention any four static characteristics of measuring instruments.
18. Distinguish between direct and indirect methods of measurements.
19. What is the significance of calibration?
20. What is meant by accuracy and precision of an instrument?
21. List the different types of possible errors in measurements.
22. What is the difference between analog and digital instrument?
23. What are absolute instruments?
24. What is a secondary instrument?
25. How are secondary instruments classified?
16 Marks
1. Draw the block diagram showing the basic functional elements of an instrument and explain the functions of each.
2. Define limiting errors. Derive the expression for relative limiting errors.
3. Explain in detail calibration techniques and draw the calibration curve in general.
4. Give the methods of using any three standard inputs being used for analyzing the dynamic response of system with neat sketches.
5. Explain on the static and dynamic characteristics of a measurement system.
6. Describe in detail the different types of dynamic errors in a measurement system.
7. By using a micro meter screw the following readings were taken of a certain physical length
UNIT -II
2 Marks
1. What is creeping and how it is prevented?
2. What is the working principle of wattmeter employed in measuring instruments?
3. How are the analog instruments classified on the basis of method used for comparing the unknown quantity?
4. Give the advantages of moving iron meters.
5. What are different methods of measurement of frequency in the power frequency range?
6. Explain why it is necessary to make the potential coil circuit purely resistive in wattmeters.
7. What are the advantages of digital instruments over analog instruments?
8. How are resistors are checked using digital multimeters?
9. What is auto ranging?
10. Define resolution of DVM.
11. What are volt-ampere hour and watt-hour?
12. What is the purpose of instrument transformers?
13. What are the various principles of analog type electrical instruments?
14. Give the importance of iron loss measurements.
15. What is the reason for using MI on both A.C and D.C?
16. What is the precaution to be followed while using current transformer?
17. What is transfer instrument?
18. Why the PMMC instrument is not used for a.c measurements?
19. What is the principle of ramp type digital voltmeter?
20. Which torque is absent in energy meter? Why?
21. Explain the purpose of Schmitt trigger in digital frequency meter.
22. What are the essential parts of a ramp type digital voltmeter?
23. Define nominal rate of instrument transformer.
24. Explain the following term as applied to digital displays 3 ½ digit and 4-½ digit display.
25. Explain the principle of digital phase meter.
16 Marks
1. Derive the torque equation of electrodynamometer type instrument.
2. Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of successive approximation type DVM.
3. Draw the circuit diagram of digital phase meter and explain its working.
4. Give the construction and principle of operation of single phase induction type energy meter.
5. Describe the construction and functioning of mechanical type frequency meter.
6. Explain the functioning of Ferro-dynamic type electrical resonance frequency meter.
7. Describe the construction and working of PMMC instrument. Derive the equation for deflection if the instruments are spring controlled.
8. Derive the torque equation for an electro dynamometer type of wattmeter.
9. Write briefly with neat figures on (i) Principle of operation of a current transformer (ii) B-H curve analysis of a magnetic circuit.
10. Explain the working of moving iron instruments.
11. Explain the function of 3 phase energy meter and wattmeter.
12. How the range of d.c. Ammeter and d.c voltmeter can be extended? Derive the expressions to calculate shunt resistance and multiplier resistance.
13. Draw and explain the circuit diagram of digital frequency meter.
14. Explain the working of a digital multimeter with a schematic block diagram.
15. Explain the construction, working principle of a three-phase wattmeter. What is the importance of deflecting torque in these analog instruments?
UNIT-3
2 Marks
1. State the advantages of using the bridge circuits for the measurement.
2. What is the sensitivity of Wheat stone bridge?
3. What are the sources of errors in Wheat stone bridge?
4. Give the application and limitations of Wheat stone bridge.
5. Which measurement can be carried out by Maxwell bridge?
6. List the advantages of using standard capacitor in Maxwell bridge.
7. Give the advantage and limitations of Maxwell bridge.
8. What is Hay’s bridge?
9. Compare Hay’s bridge with Maxwell bridge.
10. What is Wien’s bridge?
11. Give the classification of external interference signals.
12. What is capacitance interference?
13. What is electrostatic shielding?
14. What is inductive interference?
15. State the method of reducing inductive interference.
16. What is electromagnetic interference?
17. State the sources of EM waves, which can cause interference.
18. State the method of reducing ground loop interference.
19. What is the standardization of potentiometer?
20. Write the application of d.c. Potentiometers.
21. Write the application of a.c. potentiometers.
16 Marks
1. Derive the bridge balance condition for the Maxwell bridge and Schering bridge
2. Explain in detail about the laboratory type DC potentio meter.
3. Describe about the multiple earth and earth loops.
4. Explain the different techniques of grounding.
5. Describe the circuit of Kelvin double bridge used for measurement of low resistance.
6. Explain how the inductance is measured in terms of known capacitance using Maxwell’s bridge.
7. Explain the working of Schering bridge.
8. Which bridge is used to measure frequency and explain the measurement procedure?
9. With neat diagram explain in detail about Hay bridge.
10. Explain about the Anderson bridge.
UNIT-4
2 Marks
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of FM method of magnetic tape recording?
2. What are the different types of amplifiers used for CRO’s?
3. Give the principle of LCD type display device.
4. Draw a neat diagram on X-Y recorder.
5. Write two advantages of LED on electronic displays.
6. What are the advantages of magnetic tape recorder?
7. What is isolation probe?
8. State the features of ink-jet printers.
9. What are the various methods of recording data?
10. In what way line printers are advantages over dot matrix printer?
11. What are the different types of magnetic recording?
12. What are the different materials used on LED?
13. What are data loggers?
14. What are the functions of data loggers?
15. What are the basic components of data loggers?
16. List the advantages of LCD.
17. What is the sweeper in oscilloscope?
18. List the controllers normally found on XY recorder.
19. What is a recorder? How are the classified?
20. Define the deflection sensitivity of CRT.
21. List the main parts of cathode ray tube.
22. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of PDM recording.
23. What is the basic operating principle of digital tape recording?
24. What are the basic components of a tape recorder?
25. What are the advantages of LCD over LED?
16 Marks
1. Explain the FM method of magnetic tape recording and explain its advantages and disadvantages.
2. Describe the principle of working and circuit diagram of a digital oscilloscope.
3. With neat figure explain the working principle of a digital CRO. What are its advantages of analog CRO.
4. Explain in detail how the data stored in magnetic disk and tape.
5. Describe the construction and working of LCD’s , mention the difference between light scattering and field effect types of LCD’s also explain the advantages of LCDs.
6. Discuss in detail about various types of recorders.
7. Discuss in detail about dot matrix displays.
8. Explain the various methods of magnetic recording.
9. Describe the pulse duration modulation (PDM) as used in magnetic tape recording and explain its merits and demerits.
10. With neat figure explain the construction and working principle of a digital storage oscilloscope. Compare its advantages over an analog CRO.
UNIT-5
1.) 2 Marks
1.) 2 Marks
1. Define transducer.
2. Mention some advantages of electrical transducers.
3. Mention some basic requirements of a transducer.
4. What are the classifications of transducers?
5. What is primary transducer?
6. What is secondary transducer?
7. What is active transducer? Mention some example.
8. What is passive transducer? Mention some example.
9. What is analog and digital transducers?
10. What is inverse transducer?
11. What are the types of potentiometers?
12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of potentiometers?
13. Define strain gauges.
14. Define gauge factor.
15. Mention types of strain gauge.
16. What is resistance thermometer?
17. What are the advantages and disadvantages of resistance thermometers?
18. What is thermistor? State the advantage and disadvantages.
19. What is inductive transducer?
20. Mention some advantages and disadvantages of LVDT.
21. Mention the applications of LVDT.
22. What is the basic principle of capacitive transducer?
23. Mention some advantages and disadvantages of capacitive transducer.
24. What is piezo electric effect?
25. What are the materials used for piezo electric transducer?
26. What are the types of DAS? State the applications also.
27. What are the essential functions of digital DAC?
28. What are the types of ADC?
29. What are the types of DAC?
30. What is smart sensor? Mention some applications.
2.) 16 Marks
1. How the transducers are classified on the basis of principle of operation?
2. Explain the generalized diagram of a digital data acquisition system?
3. Describe the different modes of operation of piezo electric transducers.
4. Describe in details the successive approximation method of ADC.
5. Describe the different principles of working of capacitive transducers.
6. Explain the construction and principle of working of a LVDT.
7. Explain about the thermistor and thermocouples.
8. Discuss R-2R ladder type DAC.
9. Explain the resistive transducer with respective potentiometer.
10. Explain the principle of operation of piezo electric transducer.
11. Discuss in detail about optical encoder, Resistive encoder and shaft encoder.
12. Explain in detail about ADC and DAC converters.
3.) 16 Marks
1. How the transducers are classified on the basis of principle of operation?
2. Explain the generalized diagram of a digital data acquisition system?
3. Describe the different modes of operation of piezo electric transducers.
4. Describe in details the successive approximation method of ADC.
5. Describe the different principles of working of capacitive transducers.
6. Explain the construction and principle of working of a LVDT.
7. Explain about the thermistor and thermocouples.
8. Discuss R-2R ladder type DAC.
9. Explain the resistive transducer with respective potentiometer.
10. Explain the principle of operation of piezo electric transducer.
11. Discuss in detail about optical encoder, Resistive encoder and shaft encoder.
12. Explain in detail about ADC and DAC converters.
Data Structures and Algorithms Lecture's (36 Video's) by Dr. Naveen Garg, IIT Delhi
This video series has 36 lecture's on following Data Structure topics.
Lecture - 1 Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms
Lecture - 2 Stacks
Lecture - 3 Queues and Linked Lists
Lecture - 4 Dictionaries
Lecture - 5 Hashing
Lecture - 6 Trees
Lecture - 7 Tree Walks / Traversals
Lecture - 8 Ordered Dictionaries
Lecture - 9 Deletion
Lecture - 10 Quick Sort
Lecture - 11 AVL Trees
Lecture - 12 AVL Trees continue..
Lecture - 13 Trees
Lecture - 14 Red Black Trees
Lecture - 15 Insertion in Red Black Trees
Lecture - 16 Disk Based Data Structures
Lecture - 17 Case Study: Searching for Patterns
Lecture - 18 Tries
Lecture - 19 Data Compression
Lecture - 20 Priority Queues
Lecture - 21 Binary Heaps
Lecture - 22 Why Sorting
Lecture - 23 More Sorting
Lecture - 24 Graphs
Lecture - 25 Data Structures for Graphs
Lecture - 26 Two Applications of Breadth First Search
Lecture - 27 Depth First Search
Lecture - 28 Applications of DFS
Lecture - 29 DFS in Directed Graphs
Lecture - 30 Applications of DFS in Directed Graphs
Lecture - 31 Minimum Spanning Trees
Lecture - 32 The Union
Lecture - 33 Prims Algorithm for Minimum Spanning Trees
Lecture - 34 Single Source Shortest Paths
Lecture - 35 Correctness of Dijkstras Algorithm
Lecture - 36 Single Source Shortest Paths
Half Wave Rectifier Analysis
The Half wave rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage.
The Transformer in the Half wave Rectifier can be used to obtain the desired level of dc voltage (using step up or step down transformers).
The primary of the transformer is connected to ac supply. This induces an ac voltage across the secondary of the transformer.
During the positive half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the voltage across the secondary coil , forward biases the diode.
As a result a current IL flows through the load resistor, RL. The forward biased diode offers a very low resistance and hence the voltage drop across it is very small.
Thus the voltage appearing across the load is practically the same as the input voltage at every instant.
During the negative half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the secondary voltage gets reversed. As a result, the diode is reverse biased. Practically no current flows through the circuit and almost no voltage is developed across the resistor. All input voltage appears across the diode itself.
Hence we conclude that when the input voltage is going through its positive half cycle, output voltage is almost the same as the input voltage and during the negative half cycle no voltage is available across the load. This explains the unidirectional pulsating dc waveform obtained as output. The process of removing one half the input signal to establish a dc level is aptly called half wave rectification.
Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc component in the output.
Transformer Utilization Factor, TUF can be used to determine the rating of a transformer secondary.
The primary of the transformer is connected to ac supply. This induces an ac voltage across the secondary of the transformer.
During the positive half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the voltage across the secondary coil , forward biases the diode.
As a result a current IL flows through the load resistor, RL. The forward biased diode offers a very low resistance and hence the voltage drop across it is very small.
Thus the voltage appearing across the load is practically the same as the input voltage at every instant.
During the negative half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the secondary voltage gets reversed. As a result, the diode is reverse biased. Practically no current flows through the circuit and almost no voltage is developed across the resistor. All input voltage appears across the diode itself.
Hence we conclude that when the input voltage is going through its positive half cycle, output voltage is almost the same as the input voltage and during the negative half cycle no voltage is available across the load. This explains the unidirectional pulsating dc waveform obtained as output. The process of removing one half the input signal to establish a dc level is aptly called half wave rectification.
Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc component in the output.
Transformer Utilization Factor, TUF can be used to determine the rating of a transformer secondary.
Half Wave Rectifier Working and Comparison Between Half wave Rectifier and Full Wave Rectifier
Half Wave Rectifier Working and Comparison Between Half wave Rectifier and Full Wave Rectifier
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Measurements and Instrumentation Important Two mark question with Answer
Measurements and Instrumentation
Two mark question Answer
Unit I Measurement of voltage and Current
1. What is meant by measurement?
Measurement is an act or the result of comparison between the quantity and a
predefined standard.
2. Mention the basic requirements of measurement.
· The standard used for comparison purpose must be accurately defined and should be commonly accepted.
· The apparatus used and the method adopted must be provable.
3. What are the 2 methods for measurement?
· Direct method and
· Indirect method.
4. Explain the function of measurement system.
The measurement system consists of a transducing element which converts the
quantity to be measured in an analogous form. the analogous signal is then processed by some intermediate means and is then fed to the end device which presents the results of the measurement.
5. Define Instrument.
Instrument is defined as a device for determining the value or magnitude of a
6. List the types of instruments.
· The 3 types of instruments are
· Mechanical Instruments
· Electrical Instruments and
· Electronic Instruments.
7. Classify instruments based on their functions.
Indicating instruments
Integrating instruments
Recording instruments
8. Give the applications of measurement systems.
· The instruments and measurement systems are sued for
· Monitoring of processes and operations.
· Control of processes and operations.
· Experimental engineering analysis.
9. Why calibration of instrument is important?
The calibration of all instruments is important since it affords the opportunity to
check the instrument against a known standard and subsequently to errors in accuracy.
10. Explain the calibration procedure.
Calibration procedure involves a comparison of the particular instrument with
either.
· A primary standard
· A secondary standard with a higher accuracy than the instrument to be calibrated or An instrument of known accuracy.
11. Define Calibration.
It is the process by which comparing the instrument with a standard to correct
the accuracy.
12. Name the different essential torques in indicating instruments.
Deflecting torque
Controlling torque
Damping torque
13. Name the types of instruments used for making voltmeter and ammeter.
PMMC type
Moving iron type
Dynamometer type
Hot wire type
Electrostatic type
Induction type.
14. State the advantages of PMMC instruments
Uniform scale.
No hysterisis loss
Very accurate
High effuiciency.
15. State the disadvantages of PMMC instruments
Cannot be used for ac m/s
Some errors are caused by temperature variations.
16. State the applications of PMMC instruments
m/s of dc voltage and current
used in dc galvanometer.
17. How the range of instrument can be extended in PMMC instruments.
In ammeter by connecting a shunt resister
In voltmeter by connecting a series resister.
18. State the advantages of Dynamometer type instruments
Can be used for both dc and ac m/s.
Free from hysterisis and eddy current errors.
19. State the advantages of Moving iron type instruments
Less expensive
Can be used for both dc and ac
Reasonably accurate.
20. State the advantages of Hot wire type instruments
Can be used for both dc and ac
Unaffected by stray magnetic fields
Readings are independent of frequency and waveform.
Unit II Measurement of Power and Energy
1. What are the constructional parts of dynamometer type wattmeter?
Fixed coil
Moving Coil
Current limiting resister
Helical spring
Spindle attached with pointer
Graduated scale
2. Write down the deflecting torque equation in dynamometer type wattmeter.
Td á VI CosÖ
3. State the disadvantages of Dynamometer type wattmeter.
Readings may be affected by stray magnetic fields.
At low power factor it causes error.
4. Name the errors caused in Dynamometer type wattmeter.
Error due to pressure coil inductance
Error due to pressure coil capacitance
Error due to methods of connection
Error due to stray magnetic fields
Error due to eddy current.
5. How the errors caused by pc inductance is compensated.
By connecting a capacitor in parallel to the resister.
6. How the errors caused by methods of connection is compensated
By using compensating coil.
7. Name the methods used for power measurement in three phase circuits.
(i)Single wattmeter method
(ii) Two wattmeter method
(iii) Three wattmeter method.
8. What are the special features to be incorporated for LPF wattmeter?
Pressure coil circuit
Compensation for Pressure coil current
Compensation for Pressure coil inductance.
9. Define Phantom loading.
Method by which energizing the pressure coil circuit and current coil circuits
separately is called phantom loading.
10. State the use of phantom loading.
Power loss is minimized.
11. Name the methods used in Wattmeter calibration.
By comparing with std wattmeter.
By using voltmeter ammeter method.
By using Potentiometer.
12. What are the types of energy meters?
Electrolytic meters
Motor meters.
Clock meters
13. Name the constructional parts of induction type energy meter.
Current coil with series magnet
Voltage coil with shunt magnet
Al disc
Braking magnet
Registering mechanism.
14. How voltage coil is connected in induction type energy meter.
It is connected in parallel to supply and load.
15. How current coil is connected in induction type energy meter.
It is connected in series to the load.
16. Why Al disc is used in induction type energy meter.
Aluminum is a nonmagnetic metal.
17. What is the purpose of registering mechanism.
It gives a valuable number proportional to the rotations.
18. What is the purpose of braking mechanism.
It provides necessary braking torque.
19. Define creeping.
Slow but continuous rotation of disc when pc is energized and cc is not energized.
20. State the reason why holes are provided in Al disc.
To avoid creeping holes are provided on both sides of Al disc.
Unit III Potentiometer and Instrument Transformers
1. What is the basic principle used in potentiometer.
In potentiometer the unknown emf is measured by comparing it with a std known emf.
2. Name the potentiometer material used.
German silver
Manganin wire
3. Define standardization.
It is the process by which adjusting the current flows through the potentiometer coil to make the voltage across the std cell is equal.
4. State the applications of potentiometer.
Used for m/s of unknown emf
Used for ammeter calibration
Used for Voltmeter calibration
Used for wattmeter calibration
5. State the advantages of crompton potentiometer.
More accurate
Easy to adjust
6. What are the practical difficulties in ac potentiometers.
More complicated
Accuracy is seriously affected
Difficulty is experienced in standardization.
7. Classify ac potentiometers.
Polar potentiometer
Coordinate potentiometer.
8. How the phase angle is measured in polar type potentiometers.
It is measured from the position of phase shifter.
9. Name some ac potentiometers.
Drysdale Tinsley potentiometer
Gall Tinsley potentiometer
10. State the advantages of ac potentiometers.
Can be used for m/s of both magnitude and phase angle
Can be used for m/s of inductance of the coil.
It is used in m/s of errors in CTS
11. State the applications of ac potentiometers.
M/s of self inductance.
Ammeter calibration
Voltmeter calibration
Wattmeter calibration.
12. State the advantages of instrument transformers.
Used for extension of range
Power loss is minimum
High voltage and currents can be measured.
13. State the disadvantage of instrument transformers.
Cannot be used for dc measurements.
14. What are the constructional parts of current transformer?
Primary winding
Secondary winding
Magnetic core.
15. Name the errors caused in current transformer.
Ratio error
Phase angle error
16. Define ratio error.
The ratio of energy component current and secondary current is known as the ratio error.
17. How the phase angle error is created.
It is mainly due to magnetizing component of excitation current.
18. State the use of potential transformer.
Used for m/s of high voltage
Used for energizing relays and protective circuits.
19. Name the errors caused in potential transformer.
Ratio error
Phase angle error.
20. How the CT and PT are connected in the circuits.
CT is connected in series and PT is connected in parallel.
Unit IV Resistance Measurement
1. Classify resistance.
Low resistance
Medium resistance
High resistance
2. What is the range of medium resistance?
Resistance of about 1 ohm to 100 kilo ohms are called medium resistance.
3. Name the methods used for low resistance measurement.
Ammeter – voltmeter method
Potentiometer method
Kelvin double bridge method
Ohm meter method.
4. Name the methods used for medium resistance measurement
Ammeter – voltmeter method
Substitution method
Wheatstone bridge method
Carey foster bridge method.
5. Where high resistance m/s is required?
Insulation resistance of cables
High resistance circuit elements
Volume resistivity of a material
Surface resistivity.
6. State the advantages of Wheatstone bridge method.
Free from errors
The balance is quit independent of source emf
7. State the advantages of Kelvin double bridge method.
Errors owing to contact resistance, resistance of leads can be eliminated by using
this Kelvin double bridge.
8. What are the constructional features of doctor ohmmeter?
Permanent magnet
Current coil
Pressure coil
Battery
Pointer with graduated scale.
9. Define megger.
The megger is an instrument used for the measurement of high resistance and
insulation resistance.
10. Name the parts of megger.
It consists of a hand driven dc generator and a direct reading true ohm meter.
11. What is the range of low resistance?
Resistance of about 1 ohm and under are included in this class.
12. What is the range of medium resistance?
Resistance of 100 kilo ohms and above are usually termed as high resistance.
13. What ranges of resistance can be measured by using doctor ohmmeter.
0 to 500 micro ohms
0 to 5 milli ohms
0 to 50 milli ohms
0 to 500 milli ohms
0 to 5 ohms.
14. How resistance is measured in direct deflection method.
The deflection of galvanometer connected in series with the resistance to be
measured gives a measure of the insulation resistance.
15. Classify the cables according to their sheathing.
Armoured cables
Unarmoured cables.
16. Name the leads present in megger.
Earth lead
Line lead
Guard lead.
17. How resistance is measured by using ohm meter method.
Series ohm meter method
Shunt ohm meter method.
18. How resistance is measured in loss of charge method.
In this method a capacitor is charged and discharged for a specific time period and from this resistance is measured.
19. State the balance equation used in bridge methods.
The product of opposite branch resistances are equal.
20. State the advantages of price’s guard wire method.
In this method leakage current does not flows through the meter and therefore it gives accurate reading.
21. How the earth resistance is measured.
By using earth megger the value of surface earth resistance can be measured.
Unit V Impedance Measurement
1. State the use of ac bridges.
AC bridges are used for the m/s of self and mutual inductance and capacitance.
2. State the balance equation used in ac bridges.
The product of opposite branch impedances are equal.
3. Name the bridge circuits used for the m/s of self inductance.
Maxwell’s bridge
Maxwell-Wein Bridge
Anderson bridge
Hay’s bridge.
4. Name the bridge circuits used for the m/s of capacitance.
De Sauty’s bridge
Schering Bridge
Wein bridge
5. Name the bridge circuits used for the m/s of mutual inductance.
The Heaviside Campbell bridge
The Campbell bridge.
6. Which type of detector is used in ac bridges?
Vibration galvanometers are used.
7. Name the ac sources used in ac bridges.
AC supply with step-down transformer
Motor driven alternator
Audio frequency and radio frequency oscillator.
8. In which cases audio frequency oscillators are used as ac source.
For high frequency ac requirement audio frequency oscillators are used.
9. Name the sources of errors in ac bridge m/s.
Errors due to stray magnetic fields
Leakage errors
Eddy current errors
Residual errors
Frequency and waveform errors.
10. State the advantages of Maxwell-wein bridge.
The balance equation is independent of frequency and therefore more accurate.
11. State the disadvantage of Maxwell-wein bridge.
This method needs a std variable capacitor. Variable Capacitor is costliest.
12. State the disadvantages of Hay’s bridge.
The balance equation is dependent of frequency and therefore any changes in
frequency will affect the m/s.
13. State the use of Wein bridge.
It is used for the m/s of unknown capacitance and frequency.
14. What is the use of Campbell bridge?
This is used for the m/s of mutual inductance.
15. What is meant by inductometer?
The std variable mutual inductance meter is called as inductometer.
16. Define Q-factor of the coil.
It is the ratio between power stored in the coil to the power dissipated in the coil.
17. Name the components of iron loss.
Eddy current loss
Hysterisis loss.
18. Name the faults that occurs in cables.
Break down of cable insulation
Short circuit fault
Open conductor fault.
19. Name the loop test methods used in location of fault.
Murray loop test
Varley loop test.
20. How leakage errors are minimized in ac bridge circuits.
By using high grade insulation.
DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS Video Lecture By Dr.P.P.Chakraborty
Lecture Series on Programming and Data Structure by Dr.P.P.Chakraborty
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Inserting a node into the middle of a linked list - Data Structures Using C
Simple white-board explanation of an insert a node into the middle of a linked list
Add Node at begin of Linked List - Data Structures Using C
Adding Node in the begining of the Linked List.
Add Node at the End of Linked List - Data Structures Using C
Appending Node, or Adding new Node at the End of Linked List
Video Lectures - Stack - Data Structures using C
Tutorials on Data-Structures: Stack using array and linked-list implementation.
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